I'll start with a list of high-level principles, follow with my rough algorithm for asset allocation and conclude by explaining how the latter relates to the former.
Principles
The following five principles guide my investment decisions. I try to evaluate each of them before buying a security.
- Hard work and frugality are the foundation of prosperity
- I'm not as smart as I think I am
- Greed and impatience will ruin the best laid schemes
- Emotional attachment prevents sound decisions
- Gold is the best cash
Incidentally, these correlate fairly well with some of the seven heavenly virtues, respectively diligence, temperance, humility, charity, patience. If I can make up principles corresponding to chastity and kindness, I'll have a best selling book on my hands, Seven Virtues of Highly Effective Investors?
Algorithm
When I have some money to invest, I typically follow this algorithm to decide where it should be invested. I invest in a security corresponding to the first question to which I answer yes.
- Could I be working or reducing my personal expenses right now?
- Have you found an undervalued stock by spending hours reading annual reports, assessing asset values and calculating cash flows?
- Is the stock market relatively undervalued?
- Is the bond market relatively undervalued?
- Is real estate relatively undervalued?
- Did Rumpelstilzchen turn straw into gold?
Deriving an Algorithm from Principles
The first principle is the most important. Fundamentally, wealth represents someone's previous hard work. Investment is not a way to get rich. It's a way to modestly grow wealth that has been obtained through honest labor and sacrifice. As usual, XKCD applies: "compound interest isn't some magical force" Thus algorithm step 1 is to try working harder and giving up luxuries. Investing is like electricity conservation, the most effective method is to decrease consumption.
The first principle has also lead me to value investing. There are dozens of systems for making investment decisions. Some people swear by various day trading methods or by technical analysis. At the end of the day, those techniques are far too easy to be successful in the long run. If an investment claims to offer wealth without effort, it's a lie; the piper must be paid. The best exposition I've found on value investing is the book Value Investing: From Graham to Buffett and Beyond or in Buffett's words, "other guys read Playboy. I read annual reports" The first principle suggests that only that sort of work can bring substantial returns; as embodied in algorithm step 2.
When I get tired of the hard work required by principle one, I'm tempted to substitute vain confidence in my truly dizzying intellect. The second principle is there to save me from myself. No matter how much I deceive myself, I'm not smart enough to discern a single winning company based on a few contemporary trends. The goal of algorithm steps 3, 4 and 5 is to trade substantial investment gains requiring my hard work for small gains requiring hard work from others. Since I'm not smart enough to pick a single winning company, I restrict myself to choosing from one of three asset classes (stocks, bonds, real estate). Index funds with very low expense ratios are a cheap way to invest in an entire asset class. It's also hard to become emotionally attached to an index fund (principle 4).
Of course, deciding whether an asset class is undervalued also requires a fair amount of work. Since the US Dollar is a highly inflationary measuring stick, I'm partial to long term (100+ years) ratios as a start: 10 year trailing P/E, DJIA in gold, historic bond yields, Shiller's home price index in gold, etc.
Algorithm step 6 is a fall through decision to hold cash, in the form of gold, waiting for better investments to arise. Gold provides no yield and is only the best among a losing team of currencies. About all it has going for it is a long history and a predictable supply; neither of which other currencies possess.
It's at this point that principle 3 becomes important. For the last two decades, I think the general stock market has been overpriced. For the last two years, bonds have been overpriced. For much of the last two decades, a lot of real estate has been overpriced. It's not much fun to be holding gold, earning nothing in real terms (although 0 is better than negative!). It's like sitting on the bench at the big game. "Come on coach, I want to play!" In these lulls, the only way to invest profitably is to revisit the principles of hard work, frugality and patience.
In honor of principle 2, please enlighten me in the comments below.
I agree very much with your five principles, except for number 5, "Gold is the best cash".
ReplyDeleteGold costs money to hold. 6% fee to buy, 6% fee to sell, plus fees for delivery and grading, storage, security etc. Gold isnt easily verifiable, and is not liquid like cash.
A euro savings account is a good way to hold cash, it pays interest unlike the USD, has no fees to hold, and is very liquid. The negative sentiment is overdone, especially in the USA. The political commitment to the euro in europe, is not understood in America. The euro is not going away.
Another principle you might add to your list, would be Warren Buffets dictum "Be fearful when others are greedy, and be greedy when others are fearful".
ReplyDeleteWhen market sentiment is overwhelmingly negative, it is often a good time to deploy your cash savings. For example buying Bitcoin after it went below $3 towards $2 has paid off for me and others.
Ive also profited from being fearful when others are greedy. Not getting into the irish house price bubble, when everyone else was, has saved me hundreds of thousands. For me a loss avoided is mathematically the same as a gain.
@IrishTreeMan Thank you for the well-considered comments. You offer a good reminder about Buffett's great statement on greed. That certainly plays into my considerations, so I should incorporate it into the article somehow. I completely agree with you that a loss avoided is essentially the same as a gain. That's one reason I like gold.
ReplyDeleteAll the USD, EUR and CHF accounts I've seen have a negative yield after accounting for inflation. USD is roughly -3.5% annually and EUR/CHF are roughly -2% annualy. As long as the costs of gold ownership are better than inflation-adjusted yields, gold is a good choice.
Incidentally, the costs of owning gold can be quite low. Using a gold ETF such as IAU, the annual expenses are 0.25% and it costs just a few dollars to buy or sell. IAU is also very liquid.
I don't know how it is in Ireland, but in the US, owning physical gold is fairly inexpensive too. It costs roughly 2% above spot to buy (similar to sell). Assuming you already have a safe or safe deposit box for personal valuables, the marginal storage cost is 0. It might take a couple more days to convert physical gold into dollars, but it's still quite liquid.
Based on the historical data I've seen, if USD/EUR/CHF accounts have positive real yields, the bond market also has good yields and I'd put my money into bonds instead of cash anyway.
Thanks again for your comments.